I. Introduction
As an important cornerstone of modern manufacturing industry, CNC machine tools play a key role in industrial production with their characteristics of high precision, high efficiency and high automation. However, in actual production, the problem of abnormal machining accuracy of CNC machine tools occurs from time to time, which not only brings trouble to production, but also poses severe challenges to technicians. This article will deeply discuss the working principle, characteristics and the causes and solutions of abnormal machining accuracy of CNC machine tools, in order to provide relevant practitioners with more in-depth understanding and coping strategies.
II. Overview of CNC machine tools
(I) Definition and development of CNC machine tools
CNC machine tool is the abbreviation of digital control machine tool. It is a machine tool that uses program control system to realise automatic processing. With the continuous progress of science and technology, CNC machine tools have experienced the development process from simple to complex, from single function to multi-functional.
(II) Working principle and characteristics
CNC machine tools decode programs with control codes or other symbolic instructions through numerical control devices, so as to control the movement of the machine tools and process parts. It has the remarkable characteristics of high processing accuracy, multi-coordinate linkage, strong adaptability of processing parts, and high production efficiency.
III. Components of CNC machine tools
(I) Host
Mechanical components, including machine tool body, column, spindle, feed mechanism and other mechanical components, are the core parts to complete various cutting processes.
(II) Numerical control device
As the core of CNC machine tools, including hardware and software, it is responsible for inputting digitised parts programs and realising various control functions.
(III) Drive device
Including the spindle drive unit, feed unit, etc., drive the spindle and feed movement under the control of the numerical control device.
(4) Auxiliary devices
Such as cooling system, chip evacuation device, lubrication system, etc., guarantee the normal operation of the machine tool.
(5) Programming and other ancillary equipment
It is used for auxiliary work such as programming and storage.
IV. The abnormal performance and impact of CNC machine tool processing accuracy
(1) Common manifestations of abnormal processing accuracy
Such as size deviation, shape error, unsatisfactory surface roughness, etc.
(II) Impact on production
It may lead to problems such as product quality decline, production efficiency reduction and cost increase.
V. Analysis of the causes of abnormal machining accuracy of CNC machine tools
(1) Changes or changes in the feed unit of the machine tool
This may be caused by human misoperation or system failure.
(II) Zero-point bias abnormality of each axis of the machine tool
Inaccurate zero-point bias will lead to the deviation of the processing position.
(3) Abnormal axial reverse clearance
If the reverse gap is too large or too small, it will affect the processing accuracy.
(4) Abnormal operating state of the motor
The failure of the electrical and control parts will affect the movement accuracy of the machine tool.
(5) Preparation of processing procedures, selection of knives and human factors
Unreasonable procedures and tool choices, as well as operators’ mistakes, may also lead to abnormal accuracy.
VI. Methods and strategies to solve the abnormal machining accuracy of CNC machine tools
(I) Detection and diagnosis methods
Use professional tools and instruments for detection, such as laser interferometers, to accurately find out the problem.
(II) Adjustment and repair measures
According to the diagnostic results, take corresponding adjustment and repair measures, such as resetting zero-point bias, adjusting the reverse gap, etc.
(3) Program optimisation and tool management
Optimise the machining process, select the right tool, and strengthen the management and maintenance of the tool.
(4) Personnel training and management
Improve the technical level and sense of responsibility of operators, and strengthen the daily maintenance and management of machine tools.
VII. Improvement and optimisation of machining accuracy of CNC machine tools
(1) Application of advanced technology
Such as high-precision sensors, intelligent control systems, etc., further improve the accuracy and stability of machine tools.
(II) Regular maintenance and maintenance
Keep the machine tool in good condition and find and solve potential problems in time.
(3) Establishment of quality control and management system
Establish a perfect quality control system to ensure the consistency and reliability of processing accuracy.
VIII. Application and case analysis of CNC machine tools in different fields
(I) Automobile manufacturing industry
The application and effect of CNC machine tools in the processing of auto parts.
(II) Aerospace field
CNC machine tools play a key role in the processing of complex parts.
(III) Mould manufacturing industry
Innovative application and accuracy assurance of CNC machine tools in mould processing.
IX. Future Development Trend and Prospect of CNC Machine Tools
(1) Further improvement of intelligence and automation
In the future, CNC machine tools will be more intelligent and automated to achieve a higher level of processing accuracy and efficiency.
(II) Development of multi-axis linkage technology
Multi-axis linkage CNC machine tools will play a greater advantage in the processing of complex parts.
(3) Green environmental protection and sustainable development
CNC machine tools will pay more attention to energy conservation and environmental protection to achieve sustainable development.
X. Conclusion
As the key equipment of modern manufacturing industry, CNC machine tools are very important to ensure their processing accuracy. In the face of the problem of abnormal machining accuracy, we need to analyse the reasons in depth and take effective solutions to continuously improve the accuracy and performance of the machine tool. At the same time, with the continuous development of science and technology, CNC machine tools will continue to innovate and progress, injecting new vitality and power into the development of the manufacturing industry.
Through a comprehensive discussion of CNC machine tools, we have a deeper understanding of its working principle, components and the reasons and solutions for abnormal machining accuracy. In the future production, we should continue to strengthen the research and application of CNC machine tools to promote the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry.